Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Gut microbial metabolite indole-3-propionic acid inhibits inflammation and restores blood-milk barrier in S. aureus - induced mastitis by targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1645561

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) on mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs) viability and inflammatory cytokines expression. The values presented are the mean ± SD ( n = 6). # P < 0.01 is significantly different from control group; ** P < 0.01 are significantly different from S. aureus group.

Article Snippet: Mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs) (ATCC, CRL-3062) were purchased from ATCC and cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 , and the fresh culture medium were changed every 24 h. The effect of IPA on the cell viability was tested by MTT assay.

Techniques: Expressing, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Gut microbial metabolite indole-3-propionic acid inhibits inflammation and restores blood-milk barrier in S. aureus - induced mastitis by targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1645561

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of IAld on NF-κB activation in mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs). The values presented are the mean ± SD ( n = 3). # P < 0.01 is significantly different from control group; ** P < 0.01 are significantly different from S. aureus group.

Article Snippet: Mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs) (ATCC, CRL-3062) were purchased from ATCC and cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 , and the fresh culture medium were changed every 24 h. The effect of IPA on the cell viability was tested by MTT assay.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Gut microbial metabolite indole-3-propionic acid inhibits inflammation and restores blood-milk barrier in S. aureus - induced mastitis by targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1645561

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of IAld on Nod like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) activation in mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs). The values presented are the mean ± SD ( n = 3). # P < 0.01 is significantly different from control group; ** P < 0.01 are significantly different from S. aureus group.

Article Snippet: Mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs) (ATCC, CRL-3062) were purchased from ATCC and cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 , and the fresh culture medium were changed every 24 h. The effect of IPA on the cell viability was tested by MTT assay.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Control

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Exosome Biomarker Profiling Using a Paper-Based Vertical Flow Assay

doi: 10.3390/bios15100694

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization by NTA and Cryo-TEM micrographs of purified EV samples from SKBR3 ( A ), MDA-MB-231 ( B ) breast cancer cell lines. The NTA characterization analyzed raw data videos by triplicate during 60 s with 25 frames per second and the temperature of the laser unit set at 24.8 °C. Cryo-TEM images were obtained at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV.

Article Snippet: Breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 (ATCC HTB-30, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) and MDA-MB-231 (ATCC HTB-26, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were grown as described in .

Techniques: Purification

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Exosome Biomarker Profiling Using a Paper-Based Vertical Flow Assay

doi: 10.3390/bios15100694

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) illustrates the Vertical Flow Assay (VFA) quantification principle for exosome surface biomarker CD81. Exosomes bind to anti-CD81 antibodies, followed by detection using a secondary anti-mouse antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which produces an insoluble blue product upon substrate conversion. ( B ) presents calibration plots for exosomes derived from SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells, with the relative absorbance units (RAU, %) plotted against the logarithm of the exosome concentration (particles µL −1 ). The fitted curves show good correlations (r 2 = 0.97 for SKBR3 and r 2 = 0.93 for MDA-MB-231). N = 3. ( C ) shows the corresponding membranes with the visual detection results for different exosome concentrations from SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells, with increasing color intensity corresponding to higher exosome concentrations.

Article Snippet: Breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 (ATCC HTB-30, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) and MDA-MB-231 (ATCC HTB-26, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were grown as described in .

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Derivative Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Biosensors

Article Title: Exosome Biomarker Profiling Using a Paper-Based Vertical Flow Assay

doi: 10.3390/bios15100694

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exosome biomarker profiling using Vertical Flow Assay and comparison with bead-based flow cytometry. ( A ) shows the VFA results for exosome detection from SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells using antibodies against CD9, CD63, CD81, and EGFR1. Negative controls include samples without exosomes (Control A) and samples with exosomes but no primary antibodies (Control B), with intrinsic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity shown in the second set of controls (n = 2). ( B ) presents a heat map quantifying the colorimetric signals from ( A ), indicating the relative intensity of biomarker detection for both cell lines. ( C ) shows the normalized results of bead-based flow cytometry for the same biomarkers, correlating with the VFA data and providing a comparative analysis of the detection sensitivity between the two methods.

Article Snippet: Breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 (ATCC HTB-30, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) and MDA-MB-231 (ATCC HTB-26, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were grown as described in .

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Comparison, Flow Cytometry, Control, Activity Assay